Acids
Definition: Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H-) ions when dissolved in water.
Acids must be aqueous in order to produce acid characteristics.
Here are some of the common acids that will be tested:
Hydrochloric acid:
Sulfuric acid:
Nitric acid:
Common reactions with acids
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
When this reaction occurs, effervescence is observed and hydrogen gas is produced. We can test for the hydrogen gas by inserting a lighted splint into the test tube. The splint will go extinguish with a “pop” sound.
NOTE: COPPER, GOLD, SILVER, AND SIMILAR UNREACTIVE METALS DO NOT PRODUCE THIS REACTION!!!!!
ALSO NOTE: GROUP 1 ARE TOO REACTIVE TO BE MIXED WITH ACIDS SAFELY!!!
Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water
When this reaction occurs, effervescence is observed and carbon dioxide is produced. We can test for the carbon dioxide by putting the gas into lime water. The lime water should turn cloudy have a white precipitate.
Bases and Alkalis
Definition: Bases are substances that releases hydroxides or oxides when dissolved in water.
Bases must be aqueous to have base characteristics.
Alkalis are bases that are soluble in water.
How to tell if a element is a Alkali: The salt must be a group 1 element
Potassium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Neutralisation
Neutralisation occurs when acids react with bases. Heat and water will be produced.
Here is the formula:
Acid + Base/Alkali → Salt + Water
Salts
Nitric acid → Nitrates
Sulfuric acid → Sulfates
Hydrochloric acid → Chlorides